EU battery passport: which batteries need one, what data it holds and how to build it
What the EU battery passport requires from February 18, 2027: which batteries, what data, who sees it, the QR code, the registry and how to build one.
BLOG · ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Jesús Sánchez Fernández
Founder and CEO of Unknown Gravity (2023) and of HokenFi, the company's platform for tokenizing real-world assets. He leads regulated tokenization projects and security token offerings in Spain under MiFID II and Law 6/2023, with registration through an ERIR.
He has built on blockchain since 2022: Solidity smart contracts, wallets and bridges on Ardor and Polygon as Head of Technology at Tarasca, and he has served as CTO of ZeemGO. He teaches “Real-World Asset (RWA) Tokenization and Institutional Infrastructure” in the Master in Blockchain and Fintech at IEBS Business School, co-organizes Blockchain Málaga and studied Computer Engineering at the University of Málaga.
128 ARTICLES · PAGE 1 OF 11
Articles by
Jesús Sánchez Fernández.
Traceability on Spain’s blockchain services infrastructure (ISBE): catalogue cases and how to deploy it
What Spain's blockchain services infrastructure (ISBE) offers for traceability: catalogue cases and status, on-chain data, credentials and deployment.
Product traceability: what it is, types and how to implement a traceability system
What product traceability means, its three types with an example, which data to record, how to identify items and how to set up a system step by step.
Food traceability: what Regulation (EC) 178/2002 requires and how to build your plan
What Article 18 of Regulation 178/2002 requires: one step back, one step forward, lot data, EU sector rules and how to build a food traceability plan.
Tokenized securities on Spain’s blockchain services infrastructure (ISBE): ERC-3643 and the ERIR
How to issue a tokenized security on Spain's ISBE under Law 6/2023: issuance document, ERIR, the ERC3643 template, who deploys and the catalog cases.
Stablecoins on Solana: USDC, EURC, PYUSD and what MiCA requires
Which stablecoins run on Solana, who issues them, which issuers are in ESMA's MiCA register and what MiCA requires to offer or use them in the EU.
Tokenization: choosing Solana, EVM or Spain’s blockchain services infrastructure (ISBE)
Solana, Ethereum and its L2s, Polygon or Spain's ISBE network: compare access, token standards, cost, finality, risks and secondary markets for tokenization.
How to deploy a smart contract on Spain’s blockchain services infrastructure (ISBE)
Step-by-step: local Besu network, Hardhat and OpenZeppelin, the three deployment modes, PAUSER_ROLE, technical review and who deploys to PRE and PRO.
Joining Spain’s blockchain services infrastructure (ISBE): requirements and fees
Who can join, the five participation levels, onboarding with a certificate and did:isbe, and the fees in the ADM1010 v1.0 policy, dated and caveated.
Spain’s blockchain services infrastructure (ISBE), Alastria and EBSI: how they differ
What Spain's ISBE, Alastria and EBSI are, who backs and operates each one, their technology, who can read and write, and where the ISBE–EBSI link stands.
How to create an SPL token on Solana, step by step (Token Program and Token-2022)
Solana CLI and spl-token tutorial: mint, token accounts, minting, transfers, authorities and Token-2022 with metadata, frozen accounts and a delegate.
What it costs to create a token and build on Solana: network, code and law
Solana token costs as of Oct 16, 2026: signature fees, priority fees and rent deposits with formulas and SOL examples, plus development, audit and legal.